What's the difference between a recession and a depression?

The word "recession" simply refers to a market in decline. The term doesn't necessarily describe all of the negative things that can come out of a falling market, likeunemployment. It might help to visualize recession as a line graph. It begins immediately following the peak of what's called abusiness cycle. Some economists think that markets exist on the law that what goes up must come down. So a complete business cycle goes from its lowest point -- thetrough-- to its highest point -- thepeak-- and then back down. Here, the cycle begins again. A recession simply describes one side of the business cycle's wavelike structure: The decline from top to bottom.

不幸的是,没有图,经济学家can follow in real time to see whether or not a business cycle has entered recession. And even once it's clear that the economy has entered decline, it's hard to tell if the recession will be a long or short one. Graphs that depict market decline usually come about after a recession has already made its presence known in the markets.

There are a variety of factors that determine a recession. In a recession, all (or most) of the sectors that make up the economy (like thestock market,employment, retail trade and industrial production) enter decline at the same time. For the decline to be classified as a real recession, these sectors must suffer longer than a month or two [source:FRBSF].

美国国家经济研究局(NBER)oks at a few indicators to determine if a recession is taking place. The organization watchesreal personal income(what Americans take home in their paychecks after taxes) and employment figures on a monthly basis. Additionally, the NBER looks at industry output. For instance, are carpet manufacturers putting out more rolls of Berber than last month? Manufacturing and wholesale sales are an important consideration too: Are more of those carpet rolls being sold than last month? [source:NBER]. The NBER says it may also look at thegross domestic product(GDP). This is the sum total of the value of all of the goods and services produced in America. If these indicators all decline for several consecutive months, the NBER is likely to conclude that the United States economy has entered a recession.

As a result, money becomes scarce aswagesdrop and people spend less. To combat the decline, theFederal Reservemay step in and changeinterest ratesto jumpstart markets again by infusing them withcash.

So if the economy gets really bad, does the recession become a depression? While recessions and depressions are related, there's a difference between them.

It's pretty easy to understand depressions once you get the concept ofrecessions. A depression is simply a prolonged or particularly excruciating recession. Economists don't really have a watermark to indicate a depression. Believe it or not, there's even an economists' joke that describes the ambiguity between recessions and depressions: A recession is when your neighbor loses his job; a depression is when you lose your job [source:FRBSF]. While the presence of a recession is debatable, when a depression hits, the issue is no longer up for debate.

Depressions are generated by the same factors that cause a recession. You can look at depression as an extended recession on the graph of the business cycle wave. Unemployment rises, gross domestic product (GDP) drops off,stockprices fall and thestock market crashes.

In simple terms, depressions are really protracted versions of recessions. In February 2008, the unemployment rate in the U.S. was 4.8 percent [source:Bureau of Labor Statistics]. But it wasn't until March 2008 that economists began to seriously consider that the economy was entering a recession. By contrast, during the Great Depression unemployment grew from 3 percent before the stock market crash of 1929 to 25 percent in 1933 [source:贝南克]. In that same period, the U. S. gross domestic product fell by nearly half, from $103.8 billion to $55.7 billion [source:National Parks Service].

While no one wants to see the country in a depression, not everyone views a recession as a bad thing. The National Bureau of Economic Research says thatexpansion-- the opposite of recession, represented by the upward movement of the market wave -- is the normal state of a market [source:NBER]. But some economists take more of a Zen approach, considering recession as neither bad nor good, but part of a natural market cycle. When the Federal Reserve Bank steps in toadjust interest rates, some say this actually tampers with the natural order of the economy. Even worse, some economists believe that changing interest rates to pump up a recessing market can make matters worse by extending the decline. However, few people seem to resist when the Fed adjusts markets during a recession.