“裙带关系”这个词的起源在于一些历史上最多产的实践者,天主教教皇。拉丁文的词根nepos意思是“侄子”。Since Catholic priests are forbidden from having sex, popes could never acknowledge the illegitimate sons they fathered. Yet popes wanted to promote their sons (and other relatives, including actual nephews) to important positions within the church. The workaround was to call these unacknowledged sons nephews [source: Sherman]. For example, Pope Sixtus IV had a很多的侄子[来源:大都会艺术博物馆]。
类似的紧张关系在现代的时代。在印度,尼赫鲁-甘地家族几代人掌权。印度尼西亚的苏哈托总统的腐败是如此普遍获得自己的缩写,KKN——在印尼代表“腐败、官商勾结和裙带关系”,最终导致苏哈托辞职。在美国,John F. Kennedy named his own brother, Robert Kennedy, U.S. attorney general despite his brother having no experience in the state or federal courts (though he had worked as a Justice Department attorney and Senate committee counsel.) And President Donald Trump named his own daughter and son-in-law to high-level government positions, despite their having no government experience [sources:波纹管,Greenlees,约瑟夫]。
艾伦Dugatin,李。“包容性健身理论从达尔文到汉密尔顿。”Genetics. July 1, 2007. (Sept. 14, 2017) http://www.genetics.org/content/176/3/1375.full
埃里克森,阿曼达。“贾里德·库什纳的真正的危险和伊万卡·特朗普政府。”Washington Post. July 26, 2017. (Sept. 18, 2017) https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/07/26/trump-loves-nepotism-that-can-be-bad-for-democracy/
Perez-Gonzalez,旧金山。“遗传控制和公司业绩。”The American Economic Review. December 2006. (Nov. 10, 2017) http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.627.1935&rep=rep1&type=pdf